Sample Registration
pl en
Logo MASDIAG
About the result

Semi-quantitative determination of psychoactive substances

Opioids

Parameter
Concentration ranges
Information

+

++

+++
Codeine
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Codeine is an opioid analgesic drug, available over-the-counter in low doses. The mechanism of action of this drug is based on its metabolism into morphine. In most individuals, the concentrations of the metabolite are low enough that morphine is not detected in laboratory blood tests. However, in a small percentage of the Polish population, this metabolism can occur rapidly, resulting in the detection of morphine alongside codeine. The presence of codeine in the blood may also be related to the metabolism of acetylocodone, an impurity present in heroin, and may be indicative of heroin use (in such cases, the ratio of morphine to codeine concentrations should be at least 1.0). Codeine in high doses can cause euphoria, loss of appetite, blissful apathy, slowing of intestinal and gastric peristalsis, and insensitivity to pain. Codeine causes a weakening of concentration, and therefore should not be taken by people operating mechanical vehicles.
Morphine
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Morphine belongs to the natural opioids (opiates). It is a powerful painkiller available only on prescription. In people who do not take this drug, the detection of morphine in their blood may be related to the codeine or heroin use. Taking morphine can be associated with adverse effects, including drowsiness, cognitive function disorders, hallucinations, delirium, respiratory depression, confusion, mood swings, myoclonus, and hypersensitivity. Use of high doses can lead to death.
6-acetylmorphine
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
6-acetylmorphine is a metabolite of heroin. Like heroin, it has a very short half-life in the body. 6- acetylmorphine is metabolized to morphine. The presence of 6-acetylmorphine suggests heroin ingestion within a short period of time prior to the collection of the material for testing. Heroin use can be associated with the adverse effects, including drowsiness, cognitive function disorders, hallucinations, delirium, respiratory depression, confusion, mood swings, myoclonus, and hypersensitivity.
Tramadol
 50-250 ng/ml 250-1000 ng/ml > 1000 ng/ml
Tramadol is an opioid drug used to treat moderate to severe pain and is only available on prescription (it belongs to the so-called narcotic analgesics). It also exhibits antitussive effects. Medical uses include the treatment of acute and chronic post-traumatic, cancer-related, and postoperative pain. Tramadol can cause cognitive function disorders by impairing memory, visual- spatial abilities, and verbal fluency. Long-term use of high doses of tramadol (above 675 mg/day) may be associated with behavioral changes, including hostility and aggressive behavior. Symptoms of toxicity include coma, cardiac arrest, collapse and respiratory depression or arrest.
Metadone
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
Metadone is a strong painkiller used to treat withdrawal symptoms in opioid addiction, as well as a second-line drug in the treatment of cancer-related and postoperative pain. Effects of methadone include analgesic effects, sedation, excessive sweating, slowing of the heart rate (bradycardia), arrhythmia, drop in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, slowing of intestinal peristalsis, and constipation. Use of high doses of metadone can lead to death by respiratory depression.
Fentanyl
 0,2-1,0 ng/ml 1,0-4,0 ng/ml > 4,0 ng/ml
Fentanyl is a drug from the opioid group used to treat severe pain. It belongs to the so-called narcotic analgesics. In the outpatient setting, it is usually prescribed for cancer pain management in the form of transdermal patches. The use of fentanyl can be associated with the occurrence of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, hypertension, dizziness, sedation, bronchospasm, and apnoea. High doses of fentanyl can lead to severe respiratory depression, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, clonic seizures, muscle rigidity, and serotonin syndrome.

AMPHETAMINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Amphetamine and its derivatives are substances that strongly stimulate the central nervous system. They can cause psychological addiction. In addition to the stimulating effect, some derivatives of amphetamine (e.g., MDMA, MDA, MDEA) also have hallucinogenic properties. When interpreting test results, it should be noted that methamphetamine is metabolized to amphetamine, so the detection of both substances may result from the use of methamphetamine alone or both substances simultaneously. MDMA and MDA are components of the drug Ecstasy. In the body, MDMA is metabolized into an active metabolite - MDA, as well as inactive metabolites, so the presence of MDMA and MDA may result from the use of MDMA alone or both substances simultaneously. The symptoms of taking amphetamine and its derivatives include, among others: stimulation, anxiety, insomnia, aggressive behavior, hallucinations, psychosis, dilated pupils, increased sweating, hyperthermia, tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias. The use of amphetamine and its derivatives can lead to death - most commonly due to stroke, heart attack, as well as overheating and dehydration.
Parameter
Concentration ranges

+

++

+++
Amphetamine
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
Methamphetamine
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine)
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml

CATHINONES

Parameter
Concentration ranges
Information

+

++

+++
4-MMC (mephedrone)
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Mephedrone is one of the most commonly used cathinones. Substances in this group have stimulating effects on the central nervous system. Synthetic cathinones are beta-keto phenethylamines. They are usually amphetamine analogues, meaning that they are structurally related to amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. Subjective effects of mephedrone include euphoria, increased concentration, urge to move, talkativeness, decreased appetite and vigilance, and increased appreciation of music. Adverse effects may include excessive sweating, nosebleeds, headaches, cardiac arrhythmias, nausea, teeth grinding, cyanosis and cooling of the hands and feet, and paranoia. At high doses, disturbances in orientation to time and space and hallucinations may occur.

COCAIN

Cocaine is a stimulant drug with psychoactive effects. Symptoms of use include agitation, increased energy, euphoria, reduced need for sleep, but also fear, panic attacks, irritability, paranoia, sleep disturbances, distorted perception of reality, hallucinations, excessive sweating, tachycardia, hyperthermia, rapid breathing, dilated pupils, and seizures. Benzoylecgonine is a metabolite of cocaine, and its presence in the body is an indicative of cocaine use. Cocaine use can lead to death, most commonly due to cardiovascular system disturbances.
Parameter
Concentration ranges

+

++

+++
Cocaine
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Benzoylecgonine
 50-250 ng/ml 250-1000 ng/ml > 1000 ng/ml

BENZODIAZEPINES

Benzodiazepines are psychoactive drugs with calming, anti-anxiety, sedative, muscle-relaxing, and amnesic effects. A distinction is made between drugs with a more marked sleeping and/or sedative effect (e.g., flunitrazepam), with a stronger anti-anxiety effect (e.g., alprazolam) and with a stronger anticonvulsant effect (e.g., diazepam, clonazepam). Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety, severe insomnia associated with anxiety, depression, muscle spasms, as well as in premedication before minor surgical procedures, and in the treatment of symptoms of sudden alcohol withdrawal. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, decreased concentration, visual disturbances (foggy vision), memory impairment, disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, paradoxical reactions (increased excitability, nervousness, aggression) and symptoms of mania consisting of compulsive talking, psychomotor agitation, and racing thoughts. Benzodiazepines can cause subsequent amnesia even at therapeutic doses, and the risk of amnesia is higher with larger doses. Symptoms of amnesia may be accompanied by behavior inappropriate to the situation.
Parameter
Concentration ranges

+

++

+++
Flunitrazepam
 2,0-10 ng/ml 10-40 ng/ml > 40 ng/ml
7-aminoflunitrazepam
 2,0-10 ng/ml 10-40 ng/ml > 40 ng/ml
Clonazepam
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
7-aminoclonazepam
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Diazepam
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
Nordiazepam**
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
Oxazepam***
 50-250 ng/ml 250-1000 ng/ml > 1000 ng/ml
Lorazepam
 10-50 ng/ml 50-200 ng/ml > 200 ng/ml
Alprazolam
 2,0-10 ng/ml 10-40 ng/ml > 40 ng/ml
** It can also be detected when diazepam is taken
*** It can also be detected when diazepam or nordiazepam is taken

HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES

Parameter
Concentration ranges
Information

+

++

+++
Zolpidem
 20-100 ng/ml 100-400 ng/ml > 400 ng/ml
Zolpidem is a drug belonging to the imidazopyridine group with sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and muscle-relaxant properties. It has a short-lasting effect and is used in the short-term treatment of insomnia. Additionally, zolpidem is often used in so-called drug (medication) assisted crime. Long-term use of the drug can lead to physical and psychological dependence. The risk of addiction increases with the dose and duration of treatment. Adverse effects include hallucinations, agitation, confusion, emotional blunting, drowsiness, headache, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, and impaired psychomotor function.
Hydroxyzine
 5,0-25 ng/ml 25-100 ng/ml > 100 ng/ml
Hydroxyzine is a sedative and anxiolytic drug that impairs psychophysical performance. It exhibits antihistaminic, anticholinergic, analgesic, and antiemetic properties. It reduces internal tension, restlessness, anxiety, and muscle tension. The most common adverse effect of hydroxyzine is drowsiness. Dry mouth, headache, sedation, fatigue, and tiredness are frequently observed. Nausea, insomnia, dizziness, tremors, agitation, confusion, malaise, and fever are less commonly reported.